#GreenBuildingProjectFile

#WhatIsGreenBuildingConcept #GreenBuildingProjectFile #GreenBuildingConcept #GreenBuildingWorkingModel

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Acknowledgement

I would like to thank my Faculty & other Teachers Name for introducing me to analytical research, giving me a chance to accelerate my research skills and encouraging me to work in the field of SUBJECT NAME. Their expertise along with their vision has been the source of inspiration to me. The present project work would, therefore, would have never been completed without their proper guidance, regular supervision, and constant encouragement.

I would also like to thanks my internal all faculties, for helping me in doing this project.

Last but not the least I would like to thank my friends and family & Friends for making this research work successful with their constant support.

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INDEX

Sr. No.	T I T L E	Page No.
1.	INTRODUCTION	1
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.	BIBLIOGRAPHY

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INTRODUCTION

A ‘green’ building is a building that, in its design, construction or operation, reduces or eliminates negative impacts, and can create positive impacts, on our climate and natural environment. Green buildings preserve precious natural resources and improve our quality of life.

There are a number of features which can make a building ‘green’. These include: 

·         Efficient use of energy, water and other resources

·         Use of renewable energy, such as solar energy

·         Pollution and waste reduction measures, and the enabling of re-use and recycling

·         Good indoor environmental air quality

·         Use of materials that are non-toxic, ethical and sustainable

·         Consideration of the environment in design, construction and operation

·         Consideration of the quality of life of occupants in design, construction and operation

·         A design that enables adaptation to a changing environment

Any building can be a green building, whether it’s a home, an office, a school, a hospital, a community centre, or any other type of structure, provided it includes features listed above.

However, it is worth noting that not all green buildings are – and need to be - the same. Different countries and regions have a variety of characteristics such as distinctive climatic conditions, unique cultures and traditions, diverse building types and ages, or wide-ranging environmental, economic and social priorities – all of which shape their approach to green building.

This is why WorldGBC supports its member Green Building Councils and their member companies in individual countries and across regions, to pursue green buildings that are best suited to their own markets.

To get involved in your own country’s transformation to green building, please contact or join your local Green Building Council.

In other words : Green building (also known as green construction or sustainable building) refers to both a structure and the application of processes that are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle: from planning to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition. This requires close cooperation of the contractor, the architects, the engineers, and the client at all project stages. The Green Building practice expands and complements the classical building design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and comfort.

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Literature Survey

Current Scenario:  The current status of Green Building Concept: The green building concept is widely used now a days, so many small and big level builders are adapting green building technology in India and Abroad. In many countries The Green Building Concept is necessary for builders such as FAR (Free Area Ratio i.e. Green Area Ratio), ratio of buildup area vs. green area. There is a different parameters in different countries.   Japan, China, India, Russia, Canada, United States, Spain, UAE, Australia, as well as many small countries are adapting and making compulsory law and regulations for Green Building Concept.

Key Concepts of Green Building: Green building is the practice of creating structures and using processes that are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle from siting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation and deconstruction.

Pros and Cons of The Green Buildings: As defined by the United States Environmental Protection Agency, “Green building is the practice of creating structures and using processes that are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building’s life-cycle from siting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and deconstruction. This practice expands and complements the classical building design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and comfort. Green building is also known as a sustainable or high-performance building.”

Pros of a Green Building:

1.    Water and Energy Efficiency : Green buildings involve the use of water and energy efficient innovations that are not utilized in traditional structures. With these advancements, a healthy and more sustainable environment is created.

2.    Maintenance: These buildings do not require frequent maintenance. For instance, they do not need annual paintings. As a result, time and money are saved.

3.    Indoor Air Quality:  The quality of air is improved. This is because healthy and natural materials are used in the process, such as using wind and solar power, instead of charcoal.

4.    ROI:  Because green buildings involve measures like the installation of solar panels, the lifespan of a building is increased. Hence, it yields a better return on investment or ROI and higher resale values.

5.    Material Efficiency:  These green architectures utilize materials that are renewable, recyclable, reusable, and non-toxic, such as straw, recycled metal, concrete, sheep wool, compressed earth block, lumber, and bamboo.

Cons of Green Building

1.    Temperature Regulation:  Green buildings use cooling components like natural ventilation. This means homeowners do not have full control of the decrease or increase of temperatures.

2.    Structural Positioning:  Structural positioning is essential in these buildings. So, homeowners may have to install other features, such as shades or blinds.

3.    Costs:  The costs associated with these structures are believed to be quite expensive. In fact, homeowners might have to invest lots of money. However, in the long run, the invested money will return through energy-saving possibilities.

4.    Green Roofs:  When building roofs for a green building, there are different layers involved, which makes them heavier compared to the traditional roofs. These layers include drainage systems, water storage, insulation, roof support, the vegetation layer, and waterproofing membrane.

5.    Labor Law Requirements:  Because there are labor law compliance requirements that should be considered, homeowners are advised to seek help from professionals in order to avoid any issues or costly liabilities.

6.    Time: In order to build a green structure, more time is needed because it is difficult to find the materials needed. In most cases, the clients end up delaying the construction.

Green building is definitely something that everyone should take part in. In any case, this doesn’t necessarily mean you too have to rebuild your home completely. You can always start with a few changes within your home, such as cutting down your energy usage. This way, you don’t only save money; you will also be making a huge impact on the environment.

Economic : The cost savings are also associated with the improved buildingperformance, particularly from the life cycle perspective. As aresult, the operation cost is optimized.

Figure : 1 Source : https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259158759_Green_building_research-current_status_and_future_agenda_A_review

Latest Views on Green Buildings: Green building is one of measures been put forward to mitigate significant impacts of the building stock on the environment, society and economy. However, there is lack of a systematic review of this large number of studies that is critical for the future endeavor. The last decades have witnessed rapid growing number of studies on green building. This paper reports a critical review of the existing body of knowledge of researches related to green building. The common research themes and methodology were identified. These common themes are the definition and scope of green building; quantification of benefits of green buildings compared to conventional buildings; and various approaches to achieve green buildings. It is found that the existing studies played predominately focus on the environmental aspect of green building. Other dimensions of sustainability of green building, especially the social sustainability is largely overlooked. Future research opportunities were identified such as effects of climatic conditions on the effectiveness of green building assessment tools, validation of real performance of green buildings, unique demands of specific population, and future proofing.

Key Features Image:

Figure 2 : showing key features of a green building

Cost Efficiency of Green Buildings: Image illustration below:

Problem Definition

1.      Basic Challenges: Design Construction Operation Maintenance Renovation, Demolition are some challenges.

2.      Classic requirements Safety, Stability, Economy, Utility, Durability, Comfort, as per Government Rules, FAR, and maintenance.

3.      Resource Management Challenges : like Water, energy, natural light i.e. big windows,  material management, breathing environment i.e. air quality. Alternate sources of water and energy like Solar Panels, Heat Chambers to generate electricity from heat sections in a building.

4.      Hygiene: waste management, low chemical usage, eco friendly material, optimum building life cycle.

5.      Safety Issues : Fire protection, Fireproof External Cladding, use of water sprinklers if there is any fire. Chemical hazard safety, chemical fire safety, good ventilation is there is a fire. Fire proof electrical systems & devices, earth quack safety buildings, flood and wind safety.

6.      Water Harvesting: Rain water harvesting, sewage water cleaning and harvesting, underground water hygiene and bacteria proof foundation.

7.      Big Rooms for Healthy Living : i.e. art of living concept, fly ash bricks, use of soil in some cases, use of mud/soil with thermocouple to maintain healthy temperature.

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Proposed Methodology of Solving Identified Problems

Green buildings play a vital role in the conservation of the environment. However, it has been found that there are many buildings which possess a minimum impact on the environment, yet fail to get certified under the various criteria set by the green building rating tool. Hence there is a need for modified Green Building Rating tool. This research paper presents a methodology on how the weights of the criteria can be determined using AHP technique. These weights shall further be utilized for the development of points for green building rating tool.

Goals of A Green Building:

1.      Life Cycle Assessment : A life cycle assessment (LCA) can help avoid a narrow outlook on environmental, social and economic concerns by assessing a full range of impacts associated with all cradle-to-grave stages of a process: from extraction of raw materials through materials processing, manufacture, distribution, use, repair and maintenance, and disposal or recycling.

2.      Siting and Structure Design Efficiency:  The foundation of any construction project is rooted in the concept and design stages. The concept stage, in fact, is one of the major steps in a project life cycle, as it has the largest impact on cost and performance. In designing environmentally optimal buildings, the objective is to minimize the total environmental impact associated with all life-cycle stages of the building project.

3.      Energy Efficiency :  To reduce operating energy use, designers use details that reduce air leakage through the building envelope (the barrier between conditioned and unconditioned space). They also specify high-performance windows and extra insulation in walls, ceilings, and floors. Another strategy, passive solar building design, is often implemented in low-energy homes. Designers orient windows and walls and place awnings, porches, and trees to shade windows and roofs during the summer while maximizing solar gain in the winter. In addition, effective window placement (daylighting) can provide more natural light and lessen the need for electric lighting during the day. Solar water heating further reduces energy costs.

4.      Water Efficiency : Reducing water consumption and protecting water quality are key objectives in sustainable building. One critical issue of water consumption is that in many areas, the demands on the supplying aquifer exceed its ability to replenish itself. To the maximum extent feasible, facilities should increase their dependence on water that is collected, used, purified, and reused on-site. The protection and conservation of water throughout the life of a building may be accomplished by designing for dual plumbing that recycles water in toilet flushing or by using water for washing of the cars. Waste-water may be minimized by utilizing water conserving fixtures such as ultra-low flush toilets and low-flow shower heads. Bidets help eliminate the use of toilet paper, reducing sewer traffic and increasing possibilities of re-using water on-site. Point of use water treatment and heating improves both water quality and energy efficiency while reducing the amount of water in circulation.

5.      Indoor Environmental Quality Enhancement: Indoor Air Quality seeks to reduce volatile organic compounds, or VOCs, and other air impurities such as microbial contaminants. Buildings rely on a properly designed ventilation system (passively/naturally or mechanically powered) to provide adequate ventilation of cleaner air from outdoors or recirculated, filtered air as well as isolated operations (kitchens, dry cleaners, etc.) from other occupancies.

6.      Waste Reduction:  “Green Architecture” also seeks to reduce waste of energy, water and materials used during construction. For example, in California nearly 60% of the state's waste comes from commercial buildings During the construction phase, one goal should be to reduce the amount of material going to landfills. Well-designed buildings also help reduce the amount of waste generated by the occupants as well, by providing on-site solutions such as compost bins to reduce matter going to landfills. In India these issues affected by corruption in government.

7.      Reduce Impact onto Electricity Network: Electricity networks are built based on peak demand (another name is peak load). Peak demand is measured in the units of watts (W). It shows how fast electrical energy is consumed. Residential electricity is often charged on electrical energy (kilowatt hour, kWh). Green buildings or sustainable buildings are often capable of saving electrical energy but not necessarily reducing peak demand.

8.      Human Friendly: healthy for living, peace of mind, economy for an individual as there is lot of light without using electricity, good quality of air, safety from dangerous things etc.

Some Basic Prototypes, Design and Features of Green Building

1.      Good FAR / GAR: these buildings are good in Free Area Ratio and Green Area Ratio. So that residents can get good quality of fresh air and do not suffer from breathing problems and health issues. Lot of trees and oxygen releasing plants, i.e. specialized horticulture staff.

2.      Temperature Resistant Bricks and Cement: such as fly ash bricks and specialized R.C.C. mixture with “Fly Ash” make them warm in winters, and cool in summers. There are some other features like proper ventilation, heat management chambers, height of loading area etc. which will maintain best / healthy temperature for human / residents of the building.

3.      Electricity Saving Devices : such as LDR based Light Tripping Switches which can trip the light poles as soon as they exposed in sunlight after sunrise. And they will glow again after sunset. Best quality wires for low resistance .

4.      Hybrid Energy Sources : like local government electricity mixed with solar panel electricity. Some time wind energy if the buildup area is very big – mixed with solar panels etc.

5.      Heat Management or Ventilators: latest technology east / west direction based heat chambers so that the quality of air will be cool in hot whether and warm in cold whether.

6.      Green Roof Top and Green Plants in the Whole Building:  we can also use oxygen giving plants on and around building even on the walls of green building as shown below in illustrated image :

Resources and Consumables Required in Green Building

• Recycled Content: Products with identifiable recycled content, including postindustrial content with a preference for postconsumer content.
• Natural, plentiful or renewable: Materials harvested from sustainably managed sources and preferably have an independent certification (e.g., certified wood) and are certified by an independent third party.
• Resource efficient manufacturing process: Products manufactured with resource-efficient processes including reducing energy consumption, minimizing waste (recycled, recyclable and or source reduced product packaging), and reducing greenhouse gases.
• Locally available: Building materials, components, and systems found locally or regionally saving energy and resources in transportation to the project site.
• Salvaged, refurbished, or remanufactured: Includes saving a material from disposal and renovating, repairing, restoring, or generally improving the appearance, performance, quality, functionality, or value of a product.
• Reusable or recyclable: Select materials that can be easily dismantled and reused or recycled at the end of their useful life.
• Recycled or recyclable product packaging: Products enclosed in recycled content or recyclable packaging.
• Durable: Materials that are longer lasting or are comparable to conventional products with long life expectancies.

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) is enhanced by utilizing materials that meet the following criteria:

• Low or non-toxic: Materials that emit few or no carcinogens, reproductive toxicants, or irritants as demonstrated by the manufacturer through appropriate testing.
• Minimal chemical emissions: Products that have minimal emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). Products that also maximize resource and energy efficiency while reducing chemical emissions.
• Low-VOC assembly: Materials installed with minimal VOC-producing compounds, or no-VOC mechanical attachment methods and minimal hazards.
• Moisture resistant: Products and systems that resist moisture or inhibit the growth of biological contaminants in buildings.
• Healthfully maintained: Materials, components, and systems that require only simple, non-toxic, or low-VOC methods of cleaning.
• Systems or equipment: Products that promote healthy IAQ by identifying indoor air pollutants or enhancing the air quality.

Energy Efficiency can be maximized by utilizing materials and systems that meet the following criteria:

• Materials, components, and systems that help reduce energy consumption in buildings and facilities. (See Green Building Basics for more information.)

Water Conservation can be obtained by utilizing materials and systems that meet the following criteria:

• Products and systems that help reduce water consumption in buildings and conserve water in landscaped areas. (See Green Building Basics for more information.)

Affordability can be considered when building product life-cycle costs are comparable to conventional materials or as a whole, are within a project-defined percentage of the overall budget.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.      Google Books

2.      Wikipedia

3.      YouTube

4.      Course Text Books

5.      Encyclopedia

6.      Government Data Sources